First, it broadens the scope of what is intelligence and recognize what was known intuitively: that the academic brilliance is not everything. When developing life is not enough to have a great academic record. There are people of great intellectual capacity but unable to, for example, choose their friends wisely and on the contrary, people are less bright in school that succeeds in the business world or in your personal life. Succeed in business, or sports, needs to be smart, but in each field using a different type of intelligence. Not better or worse, but different. In other words, Einstein is neither more nor less intelligent than Michael Jordan, just their minds belong to different fields.
Second, and not least, Gardner defines intelligence as an ability. Until very recently, intelligence was seen as something innate and unchangeable. Are born smart or not, and education could not change that fact. So much so that in times very close to the mentally handicapped are not educated, because they considered it a wasted effort.
Considering the importance of the psychology of multiple intelligences, has to be more rational to have a purpose for everything we do, not only through these intelligences. Since leaving aside the objectivity, which is the order to capture the world.
Types of intelligence
Linguistic intelligence
The gift of language is universal and its development in children is strikingly similar in all cultures. Even in the case of deaf people that are not explicitly taught sign language, often make their own manual language and use it spontaneously. Consequently, we can say that an intelligence can operate independently of a certain type in a particular stimulus or response.
Biological aspects - A specific area of the brain called Broca's area is responsible for the production of grammatical sentences. A person with the injured area, you can understand words and phrases without problems, but it is difficult to construct simple sentences. At the same time, other mental processes can be completely unharmed.
Abilities involved - Ability to understand the order and meaning of words in reading, writing, and speaking and listening.
Related skills - Speak and write effectively.
Career Profiles - political or religious leaders, poets, writers, etc.
Logical-mathematical intelligence
In individuals gifted in this form of intelligence, problem-solving process is often extremely fast, competent scientist simultaneously handle many variables and creates numerous hypotheses that are tested on and are subsequently accepted or rejected.
It is important to state the nature of nonverbal mathematical intelligence. In fact, one can construct the solution of the problem before it is articulated.
Along with his partner, linguistic intelligence, mathematical reasoning provides the principal basis for the IQ test. This form of intelligence has been investigated in depth by traditional psychologists and is perhaps the archetype of "raw intelligence" or the validity to solve problems that supposedly belong to any terrain. However, not yet fully understand the mechanism by which to find a solution to a logical-mathematical.
Abilities involved - Ability to identify models, calculate, formulate and test hypotheses, using the scientific method and inductive and deductive reasoning.
Related skills - Ability to identify models, calculate, formulate and test hypotheses, using the scientific method and inductive and deductive reasoning.
Career Profiles - economists, engineers, scientists, etc.
Spatial Intelligence
Spatial problem solving is applied to navigation and the use of maps as a notational system. Another type of solution to space problems, appears in the display of an object viewed from a different angle and in the game of chess. Also used this type of intelligence in the visual arts.
Biological - The right hemisphere (in right-handed people) proves to be the most important site of the calculation space. The lesions in the posterior right cause damage to the ability to navigate a site, to recognize faces or scenes or see small details.
Patients with specific damage in right hemisphere regions, try to compensate for their spatial deficit linguistic strategies: reasoning aloud to try to solve a task or invent answers. But the linguistic strategies seem efficient to solve such problems.
Blind people provide a clear example of the distinction between spatial intelligence and visual perspective. A blind man can recognize certain forms through an indirect method, run your hand over an object, for example, builds a different concept to the visual length. For the blind, the perceptual system of touch-mode runs parallel to the visual modality of a person visually normal. Therefore, spatial intelligence was independent of a particular form of sensory stimulation.
Abilities involved - Ability to present ideas visually, create mental images, perceive visual details, draw and make sketches.
Related skills - Perform visual creations and display accurately.
Career Profiles - Artists, photographers, tour guides, etc.
Music Intelligence
Data from different cultures speak of the universality of the concept musical. Even studies on child development suggests a computational ability in early childhood until learning musical notation provided later, when it is learned, symbolic system lucid and accessible.
Biological aspects - Certain areas of the brain play important roles in the perception and music production. These, usually located in the right hemisphere, are not clearly localized as happens with language. However, despite the lack of specific susceptibility regarding musical ability in case of brain injury, there is evidence of "amusia" (loss of musical ability).
Abilities involved - Ability to listen, sing, play instruments.
Related skills - Create and analyze music.
Career Profiles - Musicians, composers, music critics, etc..
Body kinetic intelligence
The evolution of specialized body movements is of obvious importance for the species, and humans this adaptation extends to the use of tools. The movement of the body follows a clearly defined development in children and no doubt of its cultural universality.
The consideration of kinetic knowledge body as "suitable for solving problems" may be less intuitive, but use the body to express emotion (dance) or compete (sports), or to create (art) is evidence of the scale cognitive body use.
Biological - The control of body movement is located in the motor cortex, and each hemisphere dominates or controls body movements for the side. Right-handers, the domain of this movement is usually placed in the left hemisphere. The ability to perform voluntary movements may be damaged, even in individuals who can execute the same movements reflexively or involuntary. The existence of specific apraxia is a line of evidence for an intelligence body kinetics.
Abilities involved - Ability to perform activities that require strength, speed, flexibility, hand-eye coordination and balance.
Related skills - use your hands to create or make repairs, expressed through the body.
Career Profiles - sculptors, surgeons, actors, dancers, etc..
Intrapersonal intelligence
Intrapersonal intelligence is the knowledge of the internal aspects of a person: access to their own emotional life, to its range of feeling, the ability to discriminate between certain emotions and finally, give them a name and use them as a means of interpret and guide their own behavior.
People who have a significant intrapersonal intelligence, have viable and effective models themselves. But when this form of intelligence the most private of all, requires other forms of expression that can be observed in operation.
Interpersonal intelligence to understand and work with others, intrapersonal, and work better understanding oneself. In the individual sense of self, it is possible to find a mixture of intrapersonal and interpersonal components.
The sense of self is one of the most remarkable human invention: it symbolizes all the information possible about a person and what it is. It is an invention that all individuals construct for themselves.
Biological - The frontal lobes play a central role in personality change, damage to the lower area of the frontal lobes may cause irritability or euphoria, whereas the damage at the top tend to produce indifference, listlessness and apathy (depressive personality).
Among the aphasic who have recovered enough to describe their experiences have found evidence consistent: although it may have been a general lowering of alert and a significant depression due to his condition, the individual does not feel himself a person other, recognize their own needs, wants and desires and try to serve them best.
Abilities involved - Ability to set goals, assess skills and personal disadvantages, and control one's own thinking.
Related skills - Meditate, exhibit personal discipline, maintain composure and give the best of himself.
Career Profiles - Mature individuals who have a rich and deep self-knowledge.
Interpersonal Intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence is from the nuclear capacity to feel distinctions among others, in particular, contrasts in their moods, temperaments, motivations and intentions. This intelligence allows an adult business, read the intentions and desires of others, even if the have hidden. This capability gives a very sophisticated targeting religious leaders, politicians, therapists and teachers. This intelligence is not necessarily dependent on language.
Biological - All evidence provided by brain research suggest that the frontal lobes play an important role in interpersonal understanding, damage to this area can cause profound changes in personality, although other forms of problem solving may remain unchanged: a person is not the same after the injury.
The biological evidence of interpersonal intelligence includes additional factors that are often considered mutually exclusive of the human species:
1. The prolonged infancy of the primates, which establishes a close link with the mother promotes intrapersonal development.
2. The importance of social interaction between humans that require participation and cooperation. The need for group cohesion, leadership, organization and solidarity, arises from the need to survive.
Abilities involved - working with people, helping people identify and overcome problems.
Related skills - Ability to recognize and respond to feelings and personalities of others.
Career Profiles - Administrators, teachers, psychologists, therapists. [1]
Naturalist intelligence
It is described as the power to perceive the relationships between various species or groups of objects and people, and recognize and establish whether there are distinctions and similarities between them.
Naturalists are often working to observe, identify and classify members of a group or species, and even to discover new species. Its field of view is more akin natural world, where they can recognize flora and fauna, and productively use their hunting skills, life science and nature conservation.
But it can also be applied in any field of science and culture, because the characteristics of this type of intelligence are restricted to the expected qualities in people who are dedicated to research and follow the proper steps of scientific method.
Actually we all adopt the naturalist intelligence to recognize plants, animals, people or elements of our natural environment. Interactions with the physical environment helps us develop awareness of the causes and effects and behaviors or phenomena that may exist in the future such as the observation of the climate changes that occur during the seasons and his influence among humans, animals and plants.
Gardner postulated that this kind of intelligence must have had its origin in the needs of early humans, and that their survival depended largely on the recognition to do useful and harmful species, observation of climate and its changes and to expand resources available for food.
Intelligence, a combination of factors
According to this theory, all humans possess the eight intelligences in varying degrees. As with learning styles are not pure types, and if any would be impossible to operate. An engineer needs a well-developed spatial intelligence, but also needs all the others, logical mathematical intelligence to perform structural calculations, interpersonal intelligence in order to present their projects, intelligence body - kinesthetic for driving your car to work, etc. Gardner emphasizes that all minds are equally important and, accordingly, the problem would be for the current school system does not treat them equally but prioritizes the first two of the list (logical-mathematical intelligence and linguistic intelligence .) However, in most school systems today teachers are encouraged to make the teaching and learning through activities that promote a variety of intelligences, assuming that students have different levels of development and therefore they need all to implement.
For Gardner is clear that, knowing what we know about learning styles, types of intelligence and learning styles, it is absurd to continue to insist that all students learn in the same way. The same material could be presented in many different ways that allow students to assimilate the basis of their skills and building on their strengths. It would have to consider whether an education focused on only two types of intelligence is best suited to prepare students to live in an increasingly complex world.
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